Actual Prediction Programs

Contrary to the ideal, experimental evidence shows that listeners form the following prediction programs: (von Hippel, 2001)

1. Pitch Proximity.
   Expect an ensuing pitch to be near the current pitch.
   
   
2. Step-Inertia.
   Listeners expect a small interval to be followed by a subsequent small interval in the same direction.
   
   
3. Post-skip Reversal.
   Listeners expect a large interval to be followed by a change of direction.